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Michelle BibbyParticipant
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Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
Hi everyone. Sorry my last post was anonymous. We have implemented the use of the Triple Capability RATs across both Acute and Aged Care. We only use them for symptomatic presentations and would provide kits to staff in the event of an Aged Care respiratory outbreak. We would then begin testing of all staff and residents.
Staff and GPs have shown great acceptance and confidence in their use and the GPs have been able to initiate treatment much sooner. We have detected RSV and Influenza as well as Covid, which has meant staff know what precautions to implement. At this stage we are not testing all visitors but may do so if the numbers start increasing again. Our Local Public Health Unit gives us monthly numbers, but this is not quite as useful after the effect.
The cost savings on PCRs is yet to be determined, but I suspect our pathology bills will go down. We still use a PCR for symptomatic residents/ patients if the RAT is negative, but at least this has reduced the need to undertake swabs and wait for the result. As a small rural health service, this can be >24 hours.
The brand we purchased are the TouchBio brand. There are 2 in a packet for $5.80 – but we had to purchase a whole carton (448 kits) to get that price.
Fortunately, I could share with another regional aged care facility, so we could get half a box.
I am happy if anyone wants to talk to me personally for a private email.Michele Bibby
Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
Thanks Kelly. The absence of concrete guidance is frustrating. We are still undertaking 3rd daily RAT for staff, and on entry, for visitors to Aged Care. I am looking to reducing the frequency of testing to symptomatic staff only, with the proviso that a negative COVID RAT does not mean staff should attend work.
Visitors who attend daily have been allowed to reduce the frequency of testing to 3rd daily, but ad hoc visitors still undertake RAT on site each visit. I’d love some direction about how we manage visitor testing once the Government funded RATs cease.
I have also obtained a quote for the triple capability RATs at $5.80 each which is a considerable saving on PCR costs and allow for rapid response to the causative organism. We are likely to implement these for our Acute and UCC patients as well for the same reason. Obviously Respiratory PCR has the capacity to detect other pathogens, but in a small facility, such as ours, the fast turnaround is really useful.Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
This is a really simple little waste segregation poster you may like to use
regards
Michelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
0429071165
michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
http://www.infectionprevention.com.au
Hi Helen, I have been told its general waste unless visibly contaminated with something.
However depending on who talk eg Accreditation auditors it can be clinical.
Kind regards,
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Good afternoon everyone,
Just enquiring in which waste bin (general or clinical) do staff put their PPE after being in a precautions room (MRSA, VRE, CDiff etc).
Currently, we put all our PPE in to clinical waste.
I cannot see a clear directive in the Guild line for Prevention and control of infection in healthcare.
Do you place it in general waste or clinical waste?
Thanks in advance
Helen
Helen Roberts
Infection Control
P:
07 4646 3106
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07 4633 7602
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PO Box 263, Toowoomba, QLD 4350
280 North St, Toowoomba, QLD 4350
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Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
I concur thank you Kate
My approach is the same for companies with regard to their SLAs and
requirement for IQ, OQ and PQ of reprocessing equipment.Many product “specialists” are new in the field and not across the
requirements of 4187, requiring up front payment and then not deliveringSo ask the question, don’t just assume they know what they are doing
otherwise you will receive validation reports that are not compliantRegards
Michelle
Michelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
0429071165
michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
http://www.infectionprevention.com.au
Andrew (Health)
Dialysis machineWell said Kate.
I won’t rehash the sentiment at length here but I have also taken this
approach with RMDs at a local network and wider level, including requiring
vendors to provide supplementary IFUs, where the original IFU was either
arbitrary/unrealistic, or was limited to international cycles which don’t
prevail in Australia and would require additional validation to perform here
(see: steriliser cycle parameters).One of the most common problems I have run into when resolving IFU conflicts
is obtaining a reliable statement of compliance from the vendor e.g. “we can
confirm that the process you have proposed will deliver a product compliant
versus national standards” etc, and not a statement like “while this may
decrease the life of the device, we confirm that it will not affect warranty
replacement” – which is a very different offering and often conflated in the
procurement process.A conflict between the supplier’s IFU and the organisation’s reprocessing
resources is a risk which has to be held or eliminated by one of the
parties. If the supplier cannot or will not resolve it at the product
realisation stage then that is a consideration for the organisation going
ahead.Regards,
Andrew Ellis
Sterilising and Reusable Medical Device Reprocessing State Coordinator
Infection Control Service | Communicable Disease Control Branch
Health Regulation & Protection
Department for Health and Wellbeing | Government of South AustraliaLevel 13 | 25 Grenfell Street | Adelaide SA 5000
HCW infection prevention: http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/infectionprevention
General public: http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/hospitalinfections
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the recipient’s responsibility to check the email and any attached files for
viruses.> On Behalf Of RYAN, Kate
Dialysis machineHi Cate,
I am not going to be helpful in suggesting a solution for you! What I would
like to do is use your example to encourage everyone needing to meet the
needs of AS/NZ 4187 to push back on medical devices manufacturers and
suppliers to ensure there are cleaning/disinfection/sterilisation options
provided that are available in Australia and are TGA approved.Since I started in my role a year ago, I have been contacting many companies
to request that they provide a suitable Australian reprocessing option when
none is given in the IFU. For the most part they have been particularly
helpful, and have gone on to provide me with letters of approval to use the
products we have in our hospital, or they have gone as far as doing proper
compatibility testing and updating their IFUs as a result.For those few that are unwilling to engage in the conversation, we have
informed them that we will not be using their product in future once the
existing requires replacement, or if a new product, that we will not be able
to purchase from them at all. At the same time I am in the process of
tightening up our purchasing policy to ensure that RMDs, and reprocessing
equipment can’t be purchased unless they meet strict criteria, namely that
they can be reprocessed using the products/equipment we have available.If we all start pushing back on industry to do their part to enable safe and
effective reprocessing, we might start to make change. So I would suggest
that you go back to the dialysis supplier and suggest that it is their role
to provide an option as per section 3 of AS/NZ 4187, and that alcohol is not
a TGA approved product for RMDs.Kind regards
Kate Ryan
RMD Program Officer
0434 609 208 | 03 9496 6706
Infectious Diseases Department
Level 7, Harold Stokes Building
145 Studley Road, Heidelberg
PO Box 5555, Victoria, 3084
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HI everyone
Our healthcare service recently installed new dialysis machines across a
wide area. Unfortunately there was no consultation with infection prevention
and control for advice on managing the infection risk of the machines, in
particular cleaning and disinfection.The manufactures instruction for use (IFU) recommend Ethanol (60% to 70%)
Isopropanol 60% . There is a further large warning in the IFU stating
clearly that only these 2 disinfectants are to be used to clean the touch
screen. The rest of the machine maybe cleaned and disinfected with 2 in 1
wipe used in most hospitals .The IFU do not provide sufficient information or guidance on cleaning the
Touch Screen to prevent damage and voiding warranty. The Touch Screen is the
most frequently touched area of equipment and likely to become highly
contaminated with pathogens from healthcare worker hands. Therefore cleaning
and disinfection between patients to prevent healthcare associated
infections in this vulnerable high risk group is vital. The IFU describes
the disinfection process but not the cleaning process.The Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Infection in
Healthcare NHMRC 2019 – Page 59 which states:Physical (mechanical or manual) cleaning is the most important step in
cleaning. Sole relianceon a disinfectant without physical cleaning is therefore not recommended
Given that these machines are currently installed and in use and the
company representatives maintain that only alcohol is to be used to clean
the touch screen, I was wondering if anyone else had a similar experience
and would share with me how you managed the situation.After all we all know cleaning and disinfection is vital in preventing the
transmission of pathogens ,no more so during this COVID-19 Pandemic.Thanks very much
Cate Coffey
RN BaAScN MPH&TM Grad Cert Infection Control Nursing
Clinical Nurse Manager
Central Australia Health Service
Department of Health
Northern Territory Government
Infection Prevention and Control Unit
Alice Springs Hospital
PO Box 2234, Alice Springs, NT 0871t. 08 8951 7737
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Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
HI I’m pretty sure it is 12 year olds and below/primary school
Thanks
Michelle
Michelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
0429071165
michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
http://www.infectionprevention.com.au
Liao (South Western Sydney LHD)
Hi All,
Can anyone please advise what the minimal age of children is to wear
surgical masks? If you have any guideline to be shared? Your help would be
greatly appreciated.Kind regards,
Serina Liao
CNC| Infection Prevention Unit
SWSLHD Primary & Community Health Services
Rosemeadow CHC, 5 Thomas Rose Drive, Rosemeadow NSW 2560
Visit the
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Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
HI All
Thanks Cath for your comments.
I also am disappointed regarding the opportunity for introduction of UV as
in the draft NHMRC guidelinesDo we have any further opportunity to discuss this?
Regards
MichelleMichelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
Michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
+429071165Hi Belinda
Like Glenys Harrington, I would also suspect that the need for additional
cleaning and possibly even disinfection of a room would be
organism-dependent.
Ideally one would like to think that the routine cleaning in non-outbreak
situations would be sufficient with ramped up additional cleaning and/or
disinfection (ideally using a waterless technology like UV) would be in
cases where the environmental bioburden would logically be higher than
normal. A classic example would be C. diff infection in a patient who was
faecally incontinent.
Check out the current and draft revised NHMRC Guidelines and they should be
instructive. Unfortunately, the draft guidelines version that was available
for public comment was very conservative recommending sodium hypochlorite
rather than UV disinfection. There will be many who argue against my view
(including the systematic reviews NMHRC sponsored) but many of our US
colleagues have had great success with implementing UV and other waterless
systems of room disinfection. In many US organisations the use of these
systems is now standard not just in outbreak situations. Hopefully, one day
that will be the case in Australia.
Regards
Cath
Cathryn Murphy RN B. Photog MPH CIC FAPIC FSHEA CICP-E PhD
Chief Executive Officer & Creative Director
Infection Control Plus Pty Ltd
Adjunct Associate Professor
Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University
QLD, Australia
E: Cath@infectioncontrolplus.com.auM: +61 428 154154
W:http://www.infectioncontrolplus.com.auBelinda Boston (South Eastern Sydney LHD)
Hi all
Happy Thursday
Does anyone have a management plan for Cleaning in the event of an outbreak
that you would be happy to share?
Thanks so much
Belinda
Belinda Boston
Infection Prevention and Control CNC | Nursing
St George Public Hospital
1st Floor James Laws House
Gray Street Kogarah NSW
Tel (02) 9113 4608 | Fax (02) 9113 1575 | Mob 0429 890 544 |
belinda.boston@health.nsw.gov.au
http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Click HERE to access SESLHD and SGH Infection Prevention and Control
Information and resources
http://seslhnweb/SGSHHS/Business_Rules/Clinical/Infection_Control/default.as
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22/06/2018 at 4:17 pm in reply to: Re: [ozbug] Hand hygiene debate in the UK Parliment – 15/5/2018 #74628Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
Interesting discussion on HH and relativity of rates.
I have always understood that not one intervention on their own, can be
attributed to a reduction in any HAI, whether SAB or otherwise.How can we not include such improvements through National standards, ANTT
and AMS in a reduction of our HAI?And to this day when we dont have a national surveillance process, surely
very difficult to compare rates and indeed the contribution that HHC has in
reducing themFood for thought
Michelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
Michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
+429071165Dear All,
Wow it is great to see so many folk buying into a discussion about hand
hygiene and HHA!
So to answer a few issues:
1. Brian yes, there are now clear Australian data showing an link
between improved HH compliance (HHC) and reduced Australian SAB rates this
was presented this year at ECCMID and has been submitted to Lancet
Infectious Diseases (revised publication addressing reviewers comments now
in preparation submission next week). In summary from an analysis of
the 132 largest Australian hospitals (ie. 77% national beddays; [15.3 M of
the 19.9 M nationally in 2016-17]) over the 8 years of the National Hand
hygiene Initiative – for every 10% improvement in HHC nationally, there was
an associated 15% decrease in HA-SAB rates. This change was independent of
time ie. the change (delta) in HHC correlated with the delta in SAB rates.
This is the first study on such a massive national scale that shows such an
association all previous studies have been smaller (see Grayson ML, Russo
PL, Cruickshank M, Bear JL et al. Outcomes from the first 2 years of the
Australian National Hand Hygiene Initiative. Medical Journal of Australia
2011195:615-9) or based on single hospital or State-based data. Brian I
am happy to send you the ECCMID presentation, but please keep it to yourself
until our publication is released let me know.2. As a number of you have noted, HH auditing is time-consuming, but
use of mobile devices and the HHCApp reduces the time burden by 50%; plus,
more importantly, the value of direct auditing is in the educational role
that auditors should be playing in immediately correcting poor HHC. The
days of simply auditing should be gone. Obviously the current HHC data are
almost certainly an over estimate since they do not control for night or
weekend shifts; may be associated with a Hawthorne Effect (we estimate that
to be <7% based on our data) and multiple other possible confounders but
the Australian data has been collected in the same standard manner for at
least 8 years, so is comparable year-to-year. Anyone who has sat with a
sick relative overnight knows that the stated rates may not always apply,
but the current system is standardised. The opinions of Mary-Lou McLaws and
others, are noted, but what other approach do you suggest? We (and others)
have looked at electronic monitoring systems but they are extremely
expensive, do not allow for risk stratification according to the HH Moment
being measured (e.g. Moment 2 vs Moment 5) and do not provide the
educational benefits that on-the-spot human auditors provide.3. I totally agree with John Ferguson that medical HHC is a really key
issue that we need to improve on. The fact that some examiners in the FRACP
exams still belittle candidates who perform HH between short-cases is
pathetic and needs to be dealt with. We will be focusing on the Colleges
this year. It is a credit to the RACS that they are the only College in the
world to require that all surgical exam candidates must be credentialed in
HHC before they can sit their Part 1 surgical exams.4. Finally Glenys isnt it about time you declared your conflict of
interest? I recall you berating Lars Ostergaard when, at the end of his
sabbatical at the Alfred when he fed back that HHC rates were very poor and
much worse than in Denmark (this was around the time HHA was just getting
established so 10 years ago) you stated that HH had nothing to do
with disease transmission or SAB rates!A lot of hard work has gone into the National Hand Hygiene Initiative by a
lot of committed HCWs over many years it is not perfect, but is better
than any other national program. It also allows us to benchmark an
important national infection control intervention against similar data from
many other countries, which is a rather rare phenomenon in healthcare.
Kind regards
LindsayProf. M. Lindsay Grayson
MB BS, MD, MS, FRACP, FAFPHM, FRCP, FRCP (Edin), FIDSA
Director, Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Austin Health
Director, Hand Hygiene Australia
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne
Studley Rd., Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC, 3084
AustraliaInfexion Connexion
Wouldn't this suggest that we should de-link process from outcome? That is,
measure the activity of the HH program (eg wards visited etc) and use
independent "secret shoppers" to assess compliance?If be more suspicious of wards reporting very high compliance esp if done by
ward (link) nurses.A.
On Fri, 22 Jun 2018, 13:05 Dale Fisher, wrote:
>
> I think its easy (oh so easy) to find flaws in HH measures today. But do
> reflect on why HH auditing was invented and that is because there was a time
> when ABHR was not easily available and no one undertook hand hygiene. We know
> that moving from 10 to 30% is of enormous value compared to 30 to 50% or 70 to
> 90% .diminishing gains. There have been many other major gains in IPC
> processes such as environmental cleaning, devices and infrastructure design.
>
> Personally I feel HH audits have changed their role into more of a reminder or
> a tool to talk with management (and actually whether its up or down doesnt
> matter). Its about a conversation to direct HAI interventions and actually
> caring.
>
> For the record; hospitals in Singapore sit around 65-85% HH compliance
> reported. Independent covert audits we have contracted knock these down about
> 20% (give or take).
> We need to keep audits but understand their value and why we do them today
> ..with a view to life before them (not good)
>
> Dale Fisher
> Singapore
>
>
> From: Chris Mansell [mailto:Chris.Mansell@waikatodhb.health.nz]
> Sent: Friday, June 22, 2018 10:32 AM
> To: ‘Glenys Harrington’ ; ‘John Ferguson’
> ; ozbug@asid.net.au
> Cc: AICA Infexion Connexion
> Subject: RE: [ozbug] Hand hygiene debate in the UK Parliment – 15/5/2018
>
> Im not sure if Im rising to a good internet trolling here
>
> Thank you Glenys for the references on recent audit validation very
> interesting.
>
> These are the historical, somewhat shakey, studies used to support
> introduction of the NZ programme in 2012:
>
> Johnson P, Martin R, Grayson M. L et al. Efficacy of an alcohol/chlorhexidine
> Hand Hygiene
> programme in a hospital with high rates of nosocomial methicillin-resistant
> Staphylococcus
> aureus (SA) infection. Medical Journal of Australia 2005; 183: 509-514
>
> Grayson ML, Jarvie LJ, Martin R, Jodoin ME, McMullan C, Gregory RHC, Bellis K,
> Cunnington
> K, Wilson FL, Quin D, and Kelly A-M, on behalf of the Victorian Quality
> Council Hand Hygiene
> Study Group and Victorian Quality Council Hand Hygiene Statewide Roll-out
> Group. Significant
> reductions in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and
> clinical isolates
> associated with a multi-site, Hand Hygiene culture-change programme and
> subsequent
> successful statewide rollout. Medical Journal of Australia 2008; 188:633-40
>
> Grayson ML, Russo PL, Cruickshank M, Bear JL et al. Outcomes from the first 2
> years of the
> Australian National Hand Hygiene Initiative. Medical Journal of Australia
> 2011195:615-9
>
>
> Do bear in mind that the 5 moments and the standardised auditing tools are
> intended as a process indicator which correlates with biological and
> ecological pressure, to reduce effective Reproductive Number. As such, they
> deserve respect for driving behavioural and operational improvements, no
> matter how rationally people question their direct validity and effectiveness
> for specific scenarios.
>
> Anecdatally, it seems that the compliance rate recorded by our auditors,
> including Hawthorne effect, do correspond well to patient protection. In our
> hospital, small outbreaks have mostly occurred on wards with HH rates while few have occurred elsewhere and we average around 80% overall which may
> not meet targets yet seems biologically fairly successful. The compliance
> target is very rigorous and good control of cross transmission can be achieved
> with rates under 90% . Our rates of detection for multiresistant MRSA
> (corresponding more or less to EMRSA-15 and AUS/ST239) have drifted down since
> 2012 while rates of Fluclox/Fusidic only non multi resistant MRSA (more or
> less community acquired ST5) have risen. See PLOS One Apr 2013 V8 (4) e62020
> for earlier NZ epidemiology. Likewise, traditionally hospital associated ESBL
> K. pneumoniae rates are stable, while the more community associated ESBL E.
> coli rates have increased about 3 fold over 5 years. Waikato data:
> http://lab.waikatodhb.health.nz/assets/QCItems/MDRO-Trends-Waikato-Hospital-20
> 13-to-2018-web-report.pdf
> E?dXQhrLuDl-w59qtuUHEwu6Eny6nnKu8_hNzxtVWHF2gLmp5KSWL4lxUzaxEleqYmcDlhTRQPg8
> 6ZWycaK29ncy6u32DkH4kHw-FlH947Hz2Ydl5gfIIuZ-jnHE5p0CVEmSZCFu54UZcs1tqFZdvL59xF
> 8uz5VcdrzcMiC199md-3kkz7E2CDR_Ywv9F1aZukCrjALX8fXwEX0Rgs7IMMTDkhtSi2Pu2I_NlEMG
> BKvW-UbsTUgoXhOP3tD5OV7_WXdA6vLSyqcI7sGIeJY7EjH1N_GN0mR5qC3lcJx2HSua9xsMWQz090
> 7ULznw_6qXIrf-LeE3285Uz_iljqgY7OrBqmnfZ1Q_5RbjCBLwNT0K61nUZGWuosQ61R7zoX0HzGfu
> DFSjCmC1_93RxGSkeQtRdDdrX5OjUGuO3t30_1s0TsAQObB7rQbBtvXYby0IMvzyZKe_mdHnZvElv-
> _c8dNQJU-VAjJ3U7DRgMecNL3mA%3D%3D&uhttp%3A%2F%2Flab.waikatodhb.health.nz%2Fas
> sets%2FQCItems%2FMDRO-Trends-Waikato-Hospital-2013-to-2018-web-report.pdf>
>
> We are satisfied that Hand Hygiene 5 moments is beneficial and that current
> audit methods are well calibrated, providing actionable information.
>
> However, further improvements would of course be appreciated.
>
>
> Chris Mansell
>
>
>
>
> Dr Chris Mansell MB,ChB FRCPA | Clinical Microbiologist | Waikato Hospital |
> 021 833 783
>
>
> From: Glenys Harrington [mailto:infexion@ozemail.com.au]
> Sent: Friday, 22 June 2018 14:24
> To: ‘John Ferguson’; ozbug@asid.net.au
> Cc: AICA Infexion Connexion
> Subject: RE: [ozbug] Hand hygiene debate in the UK Parliment – 15/5/2018
>
> Hi John,
>
> Many thanks for responding.
>
> To continue putting $$ (mostly infection control personnel resources) into
> direct HH observations in the setting of gross overestimations of compliance
> rates should be evidence enough to review current practices.
>
> There is a significant amount of information out there that challenges the
> accuracy of direct observational auditing of HH compliance, some of which has
> been undertaken in your own state of NSW see below.
>
> While strides have been made by HHA since its establishment it is time to
> review the following given the information that is currently before use:
>
> a) why do we continue to collect and report flawed data
>
>
>
> b) why are we not reducing some of the current direct observation
> (infection control personnel /liaison nurses) auditing requirements until more
> accurate methods are investigated and,
>
>
>
> c) why we are not looking at alternatives methods ( is see suggestions
> below – electronic devices/methods in combination with smaller observational
> audits).
>
>
> In light of the available evidence (below) we should also be openly
> transparent and at this point in time when reporting direct observation
> compliance rates in Australia include a statement that cautions the reader
> that current research indicates the rates are likely to be significantly
> artificially inflated rather than implying to managers, CEOs and the general
> public that they are accurate.
>
> Recent literature of interest
>
>
> Australia – Yen Lee Angela Kwok et al. Automated hand hygiene auditing with
> and without an intervention. American Journal of Infection Control 44 (2016)
> 1475-80
>
> * HHA rates (Hand Hygiene Australia human audits) for June 2014 were 85% and
> 87% on the medical and surgical wards, respectively. These rates were 55
> percentage points (PPs) and 38 PPs higher than covert automation rates for
> June 2014 on the medical and surgical ward at 30% and 49%, respectively.
> During the intervention phase, average compliance did not change on the
> medical ward from their covert rate, whereas the surgical ward improved
> compared with the covert phase by 11 PPs to 60%. On average, compliance during
> the intervention without being refreshed did not change on the medical ward,
> whereas the average rate on the surgical ward declined by 9 PPs.
>
> Australia – Mary-Louise et al. Hand hygiene compliance rates: Fact or fiction?
> AJIC online 17th May 2018
>
> Direct human audit rates for the medical ward were inflated by an
> average of 55 PPs in 2014 and 64 PPs in 2015, 2.8-3.1 times higher than
> automated surveillance rates. The rates for the surgical ward were inflated by
> an average of 32 PPs in 2014 and 31 PPs in 2015, 1.6 times higher than
> automated surveillance rates. Over the 6 mandatory reporting quarters, human
> audits collected an average of 255 opportunities, whereas automation collected
> 578 times more data, averaging 147,308 opportunities per quarter.
>
>
>
> The magnitude of the Hawthorne effect on direct human auditing was
> not trivial and produced highly inflated compliance rates.
>
>
>
> Mandatory compliance necessitates accuracy that only automated
> surveillance can achieve, whereas daily hand hygiene ambassadors or reminder
> technology could harness clinicians ability to hyperrespond to produce
> habitual compliance.
>
>
> Systematic review – Kingston L et al. Hand hygiene-related clinical trials
> reported since 2010: a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection 92
> (2016) 309-320
>
> We concluded that adopting a multimodal approach to hand hygiene
> improvement intervention strategies, whether guided by the WHO framework or by
> another tested multimodal framework, results in moderate improvements in hand
> hygiene compliance.
>
>
> Editorial – Hand hygiene compliance: are we kidding ourselves? Editorial,
> Journal of Hospital Infection 92 (2016) 307-308
>
> It is clear that monitoring hand hygiene compliance using direct
> observation is flawed and that electronic devices/methods in combination with
> smaller observational audits using appropriately trained staff would enable a
> better assessment Hence, in an era of multi-resistant Gram-negative
> bacteria, it is now time to take stock and consider that we have spent a
> number of years performing research on hand hygiene with little evidence that
> any particular strategy works. Perhaps future research should be focused not
> on campaigns to improve hand hygiene at all costs, but on understanding when
> hand hygiene is most beneficial, setting reasonable, achievable targets, and
> then monitoring using validated, reproducible methods.
>
>
> Observational study – Scheithauer S et al. Workload even affects hand hygiene
> in a highly trained and well-staffed setting: a prospective 365/7/24
> observational study. Journal of Hospital Infection 97 (2017) 11-16
>
> Calculated compliance was inversely associated with nurses
> workload. Hand-rub activities (HRA)/patient-day (PD), observer-determined
> compliance and amount of disinfectant dispensed were used as surrogates for
> compliance, but did not correlate with actual compliance and thus should be
> used with caution.
>
>
> The use of liaison nurses to undertake direct observation of HH compliance
> audits is not a common practice across Australia and Im not aware of any
> information that using a liaison nurse is any more accurate that an infection
> control professional? Happy to be corrected.
>
> Ill cross posting my response with the Australasian College of infection
> Prevention and Control (ACIPC) list server in order to keep infection control
> personnel in on the discussions.
>
> Regards
>
> Glenys
>
>
> Glenys Harrington
> Infection Control Consultancy (ICC)
> P.O. Box 6385
> Melbourne
> Australia, 3004
> M: +61 404816434
> E: infexion@ozemail.com.au
>
>
> From: John Ferguson [mailto:John.Ferguson@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au]
> Sent: Friday, 22 June 2018 9:45 AM
> To: ozbug@asid.net.au
> Subject: Re: [ozbug] Hand hygiene debate in the UK Parliment – 15/5/2018
>
>
> Hi Glenys
>
> Im not sure Id agree that the current Australian HH audit system is broke
> and parliamentary records are not necessarily representative of what is really
> going on ! We should remember what little we had before HHA came into
> existence. In fact the load on infection control services has been minimised
> by training auditors who are link nurses etc. We now have such a brace of
> auditors that the main problem is keeping them credentialed. Our audits go
> across a large number of facilities each time and work pretty well like
> clockwork. Across Oz we have invested a lot of work in getting things to
> where they are and arguably there have been measurable gains in terms of SAB
> reduction etc. I think we should focus not on revolution but rather tinkering
> with the existing system.
>
> A huge issue to me is that we medicos are still largely allowed to operate in
> a parallel universe, with no real accountability system ensuring that we (in
> NSW at least) have even completed 5 moments training or shock/horror been
> competency assessed for HH, PPE or aseptic technique. Aside from the College
> of Surgeons, it seems that the other colleges are dodging and weaving still
> and that is where ACIPC and ASID should be pushing +++. For instance our
> medical advanced trainees still have no explicit expectation put on them by
> the RACP concerning expectations of inf control practice during exams etc. We
> allow doctors to get about in all sorts of gear (suits, coats etc) or theatre
> scrubs and no-one wants to say boo. Why cant we adopt a bare below elbow
> standard nationally? Can we hear more about the Cognitive Institutes recent
> aust. pilot into Vanderbilt style accountability systems please? Royal Melb
> Hosp has been part of that pilot.
>
> Other possible improvements:
> a) At one of our sites, weve had the experience of a well credentialed
> external auditor conducting most of the HH audits for the past two audits. We
> have seen compliance there fall considerably indicating to me that all
> locations should adopt an approach to auditing whereby auditors are always
> drawn from a different ward or hospital (proper independent auditing).
>
> b) We know also that the initial audit figures from a session are more
> indicative of actual practice and so, we should not allow for auditing at any
> site to go on for more than say 30 mins max.
>
> c) We should ensure that audits occur more frequently than thrice yearly
> and across all shifts with at least monthly feedback of data to cadres and
> managers
>
> d) Integrating HH auditing with AT audits
>
> e) More careful operational research what is working , what is not, how
> valid are results, what effects are improvements in HH having, why are
> medicos not getting engaged with the system? etc
>
>
> Best wishes
> John
>
>
> Dr John Ferguson MBBS DTM&H FRACP FRCPA
> Director, Infection Prevention Service | HNE Local Health District
> John Hunter Hospital, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle Mail Centre, NSW 2310, Australia
> T: 61 2 49214444 | F: 61 2 49214440 | M: +61(0)428 885573 (Speed Dial 67607)
> | Tw @mdjkf
> Error! Filename not specified.
>
> From: Glenys Harrington
> Sent: Wednesday, 20 June 2018 9:28 AM
> To: ozbug@asid.net.au
> Subject: [ozbug] Hand hygiene debate in the UK Parliment – 15/5/2018
>
>
>
> Dear All,
>
> There was a debate in the UK parliament, Westminster Hall on 15/5/2018 in
> relation to hand hygiene compliance.
>
> The parliament was told that actual hand hygiene compliance is only 18% – 44%
> in the UK and that direct observation is grossly overestimating HH compliance
> rates (Hawthorn effect).
>
> https://goo.gl/7D4zTD
> c?dXQhrLuDl-w59qtuUHEwu6Eny6nnKu8_hNzxtVWHF2gLmp5KSWL4lxUzaxEleqYmcDlhTRQPg8
> 6ZWycaK29ncy6u32DkH4kHw-FlH947Hz2Ydl5gfIIuZ-jnHE5p0CVEmSZCFu54UZcs1tqFZdvL59xF
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> BKvW-UbsTUgoXhOP3tD5OV7_WXdA6vLSyqcI7sGIeJY7EjH1N_GN0mR5qC3lcJx2HSua9xsMWQz090
> 7ULznw_6qXIrf-LeE3285Uz_iljqgY7OrBqmnfZ1Q_5RbjCBLwNT0K61nUZGWuosQ61R7zoX0HzGfu
> DFSjCmC1_93RxGSkeQtRdDdrX5OjUGuO3t30_1s0TsAQObB7rQbBtvXYby0IMvzyZKe_mdHnZvElv-
> _c8dNQJU-VAjJ3U7DRgMecNL3mA%3D%3D&uhttps%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FvSzAMXNpTI>
>
> The discussion has implications for direct observation of hand hygiene
> compliance programs in Australian healthcare settings.
>
> It is time to review our direct observation HH compliance strategies and the
> significant infection control resources committed to such programs across
> Australia.
>
> Regards
>
> Glenys
>
> Glenys Harrington
> Infection Control Consultancy (ICC)
> P.O. Box 6385
> Melbourne
> Australia, 3004
> M: +61 404816434
> E: infexion@ozemail.com.au
>
>
>
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Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
Thank you Glenys
This needs to be escalated and appropriate action taken in Australia because
I would strongly suggest that our rates are debatable!I will be interested to hear how others view this
Thank you
MichelleMichelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
+61 429 071 165
Michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
http://www.infectionprevention.com.auGlenys Harrington
Dear All,
There was a debate in the UK parliament, Westminster Hall on 15/5/2018 in
relation to hand hygiene compliance.The parliament was told that actual hand hygiene compliance is only 18% –
44% in the UK and that direct observation is grossly overestimating HH
compliance rates (Hawthorn effect).The discussion has implications for direct observation of hand hygiene
compliance programs in Australian healthcare settings.It is time to review our direct observation HH compliance strategies and the
significant infection control resources committed to such programs across
Australia.Regards
Glenys
Glenys Harrington
Infection Control Consultancy (ICC)
P.O. Box 6385
Melbourne
Australia, 3004
M: +61 404816434
E: infexion@ozemail.com.auMESSAGES POSTED TO THIS LIST ARE SOLELY THE OPINION OF THE AUTHOR, AND DO
NOT REPRESENT THE OPINION OF ACIPC.
The use of trade/product/commercial brand names through the list is
discouraged by ACIPC. If you wish to discuss specific reference to products
or services by brand or commercial names, please do this outside the list.Archive of all messages are available at http://aicalist.org.au/archives –
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Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
HI Kirrily
There are Data Loggers from a company in Victoria ( Global Temperature
Monitoring). http://www.globaltemp.com.auThey can be placed into our Sterile instrument Transport boxes and will take
data and log it during transport for as long as the data is required. When
the Sterile stock box is accepted by the clinic it will then take the
logger out of the box and the data is then transferred to a computer for
quick and easy interpretation of results. Obviously visual inspection of the
stock is paramount but with the logger combined we will have a much better
judgement of the conditions it has travelled in.Thanks
MichelleMichelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
+61 429 071 165
Michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
http://www.infectionprevention.com.auKirrily Whitehead
Hi everyone,
I am hoping that you might be able to provide some expert advice/references
regarding how you monitor temperature and humidity storage environments when
transporting sterile instruments to rural/remote sites where surgical
procedures are performed.Ideally it would be best to move to single use instruments, however
according to theatre this is not possible for the types of procedures being
undertaken (ophthalmology).The distance is approx. 1000km round trip from Alice Springs to Tennant
Creek (rtn) and would involve an air-conditioned car and aeroplane
transport.Any guidance on this would be most appreciative
Kind Regards
Kirrily
Kirrily Whitehead – Infection Prevention and Control CNSInfection
Prevention and Control Unit | Central Australia Health Service Northern
Territory GovernmentAlice Springs Hopsital, Gap Rd, Alice SpringsGPO Box
2234, Suburb, NT Postcodep … 08 89517736e … kirrily.whitehead@nt.gov.au
http://www.nt.gov.au/healthOur Vision:Better health outcomes for all Central Australians
Our Values:Community at the Centre | Equity and Integrity| We are
Accountable| We are Relevant Today and Ready for Tomorrow|We are Committed
to High Quality Care| We Value our PartnershipsCentral Australia Health Service is a Smoke Free Workplace
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Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
Thank you Glenys
I have just spent 6 days as a visitor in a large public hospital (sister had
a hip replacement) and observed HH once during my visits, 2 visits a day for
6 days!It is a conversation that must be had, but where to from here?
Regards
MichelleMichelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
+61 429 071 165
Michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
http://www.infectionprevention.com.auGlenys Harrington
observational audits and unrealistic performance indicators (targets) for
hand hygiene compliance?Dear All,
It is now time to pull back on time consuming hand hygiene observational
audits and unrealistic performance indicators (targets) for hand hygiene
compliance?
Recent publications suggest it is now time to review and rethink such
programs in developing and developed countries to ensure an evidence based
approach to hand hygiene and cost effective use of infection prevention and
control resources.
HH compliance papers
Kingston L et al. Hand hygiene-related clinical trials reported since 2010:
a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection 92 (2016) 309-320
We concluded that adopting a multimodal approach to hand hygiene
improvement intervention strategies, whether guided by the WHO framework or
by another tested multimodal framework, results in moderate improvements in
hand hygiene compliance.Hand hygiene compliance: are we kidding ourselves? Editorial, Journal of
Hospital Infection 92 (2016) 307-308
It is clear that monitoring hand hygiene compliance using direct
observation is flawed and that electronic devices/methods in combination
with smaller observational audits using appropriately trained staff would
enable a better assessment Hence, in an era of multi-resistant
Gram-negative bacteria, it is now time to take stock and consider that we
have spent a number of years performing research on hand hygiene with little
evidence that any particular strategy works. Perhaps future research should
be focused not on campaigns to improve hand hygiene at all costs, but on
understanding when hand hygiene is most beneficial, setting reasonable,
achievable targets, and then monitoring using validated, reproducible
methods.Scheithauer S et al. Workload even affects hand hygiene in a highly trained
and well-staffed setting: a prospective 365/7/24 observational study.
Journal of Hospital Infection 97 (2017) 11-16
Calculated compliance was inversely associated with nurses
workload. Hand-rub activities (HRA)/patient-day (PD), observer-determined
compliance and amount of disinfectant dispensed were used as surrogates for
compliance, but did not correlate with actual compliance and thus should be
used with caution.Regards
Glenys
Glenys Harrington
Infection Control Consultancy (ICC)
P.O. Box 6385
Melbourne
Australia, 3004
M: +61 404816434
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Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
HI Terry
I’ve never seen a bin with a lid in the op suite in all my years working in
them And most certainly agree, that they would be more a nuisance than
anything.Do you think that perhaps this might be a little lack of understanding?
Regards
MichelleMichelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
Michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
+429071165Hi Everyone,
I have a client that has been told by an accreditor that they MUST have
waste bins with lids.
I have been scouring the NHMRC Guidelines, AS3816 and other state based
guidelines available in the public domain, however I am yet to come across a
statement where it mandates that waste bins must have lids.
I can appreciate in ward area it is aesthetically pleasing to have lidded
bins, with hands free operation of course.
However in the Operating Suite, Recovery Room and also in dental procedure
rooms, it makes no sense to me at all to have lids on the waste bins. In
fact it adds to the complication of safe patient care and waste disposal.
Can anybody point me in the direction of a published Standard or Guideline
that mandates that lids must be on waste bins in Health Services
Organisations?
Thanks in anticipation.
Kind Regards
Terry McAuley
Sterilisation & Infection Prevention and Control Consultant
STEAM Consulting Pty Ltd ACN 604 439 698
E: terry@steamconsulting.com.au
W: http://www.steamconsulting.com.au
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Endeavour Hills
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10/07/2017 at 1:46 pm in reply to: Routine use of gloves in IV antibiotic preparation/administration #73847Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
HI All
Thanks for the thread very interesting.
My issue is though when staff use the rationale to protect themselves when
it comes to all things glove use, I always question then about eye/facial
protection, more likely absorption through cornea than intact skin.what
ever it is they think they are protecting themselves fromRegards
MMichelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
Michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
+429071165preparation/administration
Hi Everyone
This is a very interesting topic we have recently been reviewing our
policies and would be very interested in the outcome.
The ANTT example in the Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Control
of Infection in Healthcare (2010), suggests that non-sterile gloves should
be worn as in addition to HCW protection, they are typically cleaner than
skin and may offer protection if a key part is unknowingly touched? I am not
sure about the evidence used to support this though?
Kind regards
MaryMary Willimann CICP-E | Manager Infection Prevention & Control
St John of God Subiaco Hospital
T: (08) 9382 6871 | M: 0439993772 | F: (08) 9382 6785 | E:
Mary.Willimann@sjog.org.au
12 Salvado Road Subiaco WA 6008 | PO Box 14, Subiaco WA 6904
http://sjog.org.au/subiaco |
http://twitter.com/sjog_healthcare |
LinkedIn |
http://facebook.com/StJohnOfGodSubiacoHospitalWe acknowledge the Traditional Owners of Country throughout Australia and
recognise their continuing connection to land, waters and community.
We pay our respect to them and their cultures and to Elders past and
present.Of Terry McAuley
preparation/administration
Hi Everyone,
I agree. We should be discouraging the routine use of gloves for processes /
practices where the use of gloves is unnecessary and promoting aseptic
non-touch technique.
I have come across the circulating nurses wearing gloves to open sterile
packs in the Operating Suite. Completely unnecessary in my humble opinion.
Im also surprised that there has been discussion promoting the wearing of
gloves in the CSSD packing areas. The premise is that it is protecting the
instruments from contamination with skin flora and parallels are being drawn
to the wearing of gloves in clean rooms operations.
Id be interested to hear the thoughts of my colleagues or to be pointed in
the direction of some studies that support these practices.Kind Regards
Terry McAuley
Sterilisation & Infection Prevention and Control Consultant
STEAM Consulting Pty Ltd ACN 604 439 698
E: terry@steamconsulting.com.au
W: http://www.steamconsulting.com.au
A: PO BOX 779
Endeavour Hills
VIC Australia 3802CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION: The information contained in this message may
contain confidential information intended only for the use of the individual
or entity named above. If the reader of this message is not the intended
recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution or
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received this communication in error, please notify us by telephone or email
immediately and return the original message to us or destroy all printed and
electronic copies. Nothing in this transmission constitutes an agreement of
any kind unless otherwise expressly indicated.Of Glenys Harrington
preparation/administration
Hi All,
I agree with Ruth. If there is no evidence the practice should be
discouraged.
In addition many healthcare workers who wear gloves do so to protect
themselves and ignore the principles of aseptic no-touch technique when
wearing gloves increasing the risk of potential contamination.
Regards
Glenys
Glenys Harrington
Infection Control Consultancy (ICC)
P.O. Box 6385
Melbourne
Australia, 3004
M: +61 404816434
E: infexion@ozemail.com.auOf Ruth Barratt
antibiotic preparation/administration
Hi there
We looked at the occupational hazards of drawing up antibiotics without
gloves a number of years ago when The 5 Moments were first introduced. The
use of gloves for drawing up ABs is indeed a normal occurrence now and it
leads to continuous glove use re. The 5 Moments so non-compliance with
Moment 2. With the exception of a few nasty ABs there was no evidence we
could find for occupational risks associated with drawing up ABs e.g. no
increase in sensitization forwards ABs etc. One exception was if you already
had a severe sensitivity towards a particular AB. We try and discourage this
practice for the above reason.
Cheers
Ruth
Ruth Barratt RN, BSc, MAdvPrac (Hons)Clinical NurseSpecialist Infection
Prevention and ControlCommunity Liaison Infection
Prevention::ruth.barratt@cdhb.health.nz(: + 64 3 3640 083 or ext.80083: 0275
263175Level 5, Riverside BuildingChristchurch Hospital | Private Bag 4710,
Christchurch Clean Hands Save Lives!Of Michael Wishart
preparation/administration
Hi all
I have been asked if we should have a policy regarding routine use of gloves
when preparing and administrating IV antibiotics. My initial reaction is no,
we should not be handling IV antibiotic solutions in such a way as to cause
skin exposure. But having looked at some of the product information
regarding the vesicant nature of some antibiotics (eg vancomycin), and the
risk of adverse effects via absorption through the skin (eg gentamicin), I
am wondering whether a standard approach to wearing gloves when handling
antibiotic solutions should be recommended. And should we also recommend
protective eyewear for this?
What do other facilities advise staff in regard to this? And how much of a
risk would you consider this may be to staff?
Thanks for any opinions and comments.
Cheers
Michael
Michael Wishart
Infection Control CoordinatorA 627 Rode Road, Chermside QLD 4032
P (07) 3326 3068 | F (07) 3607 2226 | E michael.wishart@svha.org.au
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06/07/2017 at 1:13 pm in reply to: Routine use of gloves in IV antibiotic preparation/administration #73836Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
HI Michael
I am pretty sure that students coming out of university training for
placement in Victoria are educated to wear gloves for drawing up Abs, so
maybe a curriculum check would be worth while and based on what evidence
have they made this decisionKind regards
MichelleMichelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
Michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
+429071165Hi all
I have been asked if we should have a policy regarding routine use of gloves
when preparing and administrating IV antibiotics. My initial reaction is no,
we should not be handling IV antibiotic solutions in such a way as to cause
skin exposure. But having looked at some of the product information
regarding the vesicant nature of some antibiotics (eg vancomycin), and the
risk of adverse effects via absorption through the skin (eg gentamicin), I
am wondering whether a standard approach to wearing gloves when handling
antibiotic solutions should be recommended. And should we also recommend
protective eyewear for this?What do other facilities advise staff in regard to this? And how much of a
risk would you consider this may be to staff?Thanks for any opinions and comments.
Cheers
MichaelMichael Wishart
Infection Control CoordinatorA 627 Rode Road, Chermside QLD 4032
P (07) 3326 3068 | F (07) 3607 2226 | E michael.wishart@svha.org.au
| W http://www.hsnph.org.auPPlease consider the environment before printing this email
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Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
HI Christine
You can use a trigger nozzle bottle (most do) as apposed to a spray bottle
or pour top bottles (little flip lid) are preferential.Generally we encourage pouring onto a cloth as apposed to direct onto the
surface just due to the risk of droplet or aerosolisationRegards
MichelleMichelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
+61 429 071 165
Michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
http://www.infectionprevention.com.au“Claighen, Christine – GOJO/AU”
Hi All,
I know that aerosol surface disinfectant is not recommended to be used in
hospital, but how about a spray bottle disinfectant for surfaces?
Is there a standard or literature that I can refer to about this topic and
what is the recommended for surface disinfection?Thank you in advance.
Kind Regards
Christine Claighen BSc (Biotech), (Micro)
Regulatory & Scientific Manager- Australasia| GOJO Australasia Pty LimitedPlease consider the environment prior to printing this email.
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Michelle BibbyParticipantAuthor:
Michelle BibbyEmail:
michelle@INFECTIONPREVENTION.COM.AUOrganisation:
Infection Prevention AustraliaState:
No point having a National standard that we have all waited for for so long,
and not use it. If we let architects dictate the terms we are not in a good
place.We are providing health care not a sound booth
Thanks
MichelleMichelle Bibby
Infection Prevention Australia
Michelle@infectionprevention.com.au
+429071165Dear All,
At Western Health in Victoria we are building a new Womens and Childrens
hospital. The Australian Health Facility Guidelines recommend for nurseries
(we plan for level 2 and 3 NICU) monolithic from wall to wall without
fissures, open joints or crevices that may retain or permit the passage of
dirt particles.
There seems to be is a move away these guidelines and the use of solid
plasterboard in ICUs and NICUs mainly for the sake of acoustics and the
architects want to use a flush plasterboard perimeter with antimicrobial
performance mineral fibre tiles in the NICU ceiling.
I am a bit sceptical on the antimicrobial claims and dont like to defer
from the current guidelines which are clear about the use of tiles. Does
anyone have any information or opinion to share?
Regards,
Richard
Richard Bartolo
Manager Infection Prevention
Western Health
Gordon Street, Footscray VIC 3011
Ph. 03 8345 6113
Mob. 0438 560 441
Email. richard.bartolo@wh.org.au
Web. http://www.westernhealth.org.auCompassion, Accountability, Respect, E xcellence, Safety
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