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Dear colleagues,
At what level of humidity and over what time frame would it take for condensation to form in a sterile storeroom where temperatures have fluctuated between 19 and 26 degrees over a 24 hour period and humidity has peaked at 90%?
Reason being, we have been advised that sterile stock is uncompromised at 26 degrees unless condensation has formed causing the trays to become damp.
Thanks for your assistance.
Kind regards
Kristin
Kristin Ryan-Agnew
Kristin Ryan-Agnew (MPH/Grad Cert IP&C)
Infection Prevention & Control Clinical Nurse Consultant
The Tweed Hospital[cid:image001.png@01D36E89.D6B88C30] National Standard 3 : Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections
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Hi Kristin,
AS4187 range of humidity is up to 68% I believe , if it goes over that regardless of temp , parameters are not being met & condensation may form
And range of temp for sterile stock storage is 18-25C
You may need to look at your return air flows and air exchange rates in the Sterile stock Dept
Cheers EmmaEmma Trippe
Infection Control Consultant
[cid:image001.png@01D5A5CB.08454840]
Calvary Riverina Hospital
Hardy Avenue Wagga Wagga NSW 2650
P: 02 6932 1628
E: Emma.Trippe@calvarycare.org.au
http://www.calvary-wagga.com.auHospitality | Healing | Stewardship | Respect
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http://www.calvarycare.org.au.Dear colleagues,
At what level of humidity and over what time frame would it take for condensation to form in a sterile storeroom where temperatures have fluctuated between 19 and 26 degrees over a 24 hour period and humidity has peaked at 90%?
Reason being, we have been advised that sterile stock is uncompromised at 26 degrees unless condensation has formed causing the trays to become damp.
Thanks for your assistance.
Kind regards
Kristin
Kristin Ryan-Agnew
Kristin Ryan-Agnew (MPH/Grad Cert IP&C)
Infection Prevention & Control Clinical Nurse Consultant
The Tweed Hospital[cid:image001.png@01D36E89.D6B88C30] National Standard 3 : Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections
[Description: Description: Description: Description: cid:image001.png@01CC899A.70FE88C0]
I acknowledge the Bundjalung people as traditional owners of the land on which I work and live.
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Hi Kristen
It’s a bit old but this consensus statement from Canada is useful.
If the trays are damp, or evidence of water marking, this would be considered an event and as such unsterile. I hope this helps
Kind regards
Mandy Davidson
RN; GCert Inf Pre & Cont; MPHTM; Cert III Sterilisation; Cert IV TAE; Immunisation cred; CICP-A
Clinical Nurse Consultant – 4187 Implementation project
Infection Prevention & Control[cid:image001.png@01D3A192.E1513890]
T
07 4433 1873 | 0402 987 432
E
Mandy.Davidson@health.qld.gov.au
W
http://www.health.qld.gov.au/townsvilleTownsville Hospital and Health Service
100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, QLD 4814
[Facebook-Icon] [Twitter-Icon] [Linkedin-Icon]
Townsville Hospital and Health Service acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the land, and pays respect to Elders past, present and future.Dear colleagues,
At what level of humidity and over what time frame would it take for condensation to form in a sterile storeroom where temperatures have fluctuated between 19 and 26 degrees over a 24 hour period and humidity has peaked at 90%?
Reason being, we have been advised that sterile stock is uncompromised at 26 degrees unless condensation has formed causing the trays to become damp.
Thanks for your assistance.
Kind regards
Kristin
Kristin Ryan-Agnew
Kristin Ryan-Agnew (MPH/Grad Cert IP&C)
Infection Prevention & Control Clinical Nurse Consultant
The Tweed Hospital[cid:image001.png@01D36E89.D6B88C30] National Standard 3 : Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections
[Description: Description: Description: Description: cid:image001.png@01CC899A.70FE88C0]
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Dear Kirsten,
AS4187:2014 says somewhere (sorry cant find specific section a the moment) that the acceptable range for relative humidity for a sterile store room is 35 to 70%, with an acceptable temperature range of 18 to 250C. There does not have to be condensation on the items for them to be affected by an increase in humidity. If the packaging gets damp then the bugs on the outside can “wick” through and contaminate the contents. So Id say with the humidity going that high the sterility has been compromised.
It has recently happened in our sterile storeroom when the air conditioning stopped working in the specific room where the orthopaedic trays are stored. The humidity in the room was elevated and the filter papers on the orthopaedic trays had dampened despite the outer metal containers not having condensation on them. So all the orthopaedic trays had to be resterilised.Regards
Louise Grant PhD Cand, MCl Sc(Periop)
Project Consultant Reprocessing Compliance
Top End Health Service | Northern Territory Government
Room 221, Building 4, Royal Darwin Hospital,
Rocklands Drive, Tiwi NT 0810 | PO Box 41326 Casuarina NT 0811
t 08 8944 8005 | m 0404 491 183 | e Louise.Grant@nt.gov.au | http://www.health.nt.gov.auTEHS Vision: Building Better Care | Better Health | Better Communities Together
TEHS Values: Trust and Teamwork | Excellence and Equity | Honesty and Accountability | Service and InnovationDear colleagues,
At what level of humidity and over what time frame would it take for condensation to form in a sterile storeroom where temperatures have fluctuated between 19 and 26 degrees over a 24 hour period and humidity has peaked at 90%?
Reason being, we have been advised that sterile stock is uncompromised at 26 degrees unless condensation has formed causing the trays to become damp.
Thanks for your assistance.
Kind regards
Kristin
Kristin Ryan-Agnew
Kristin Ryan-Agnew (MPH/Grad Cert IP&C)
Infection Prevention & Control Clinical Nurse Consultant
The Tweed Hospital[cid:image001.png@01D36E89.D6B88C30] National Standard 3 : Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections
[Description: Description: Description: Description: cid:image001.png@01CC899A.70FE88C0]
I acknowledge the Bundjalung people as traditional owners of the land on which I work and live.
‘Bulla Yana Yabur’ Standing Together As OneThis message is intended for the addressee named and may contain confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient, please delete it and notify the sender.
Views expressed in this message are those of the individual sender, and are not necessarily the views of NSW Health or any of its entities.
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G’day
Dampening is a result of condensation!
At 19degC dry bulb and 50% room relative humidity, the air dew point is
9degC so no condensation. If the conditions then change quickly to 20degC
and 60%RH then the new dew point is 12degC. And if the sterile barrier is
still at 19degC – no condensation as its above the dew point of the air.If the conditions then change quickly to 24degC and 80%RH, the dew point is
21degC. So if the sterile barrier is still at 19degC or just above, say,
there will be condensation as the dew point is above this temperature.If your room is served by an air handling unit and the compressor suddenly
stops (or the chilled water valve shuts) and the fan continues to run, your
room temperature and RH can increase within 30seconds as the air change
rate for sterile stock rooms is 15ch/hr. This will cause condensation on
any surface which is below the new dew point temperature.Hope this helps.
Cheers
Lalith Ramachandra
LR Consulting Engineers
for Top End Health Services
PO Box 40968
Casuarina, NT
p 0401117423
e lalith.ramachandra@gmail.com* To Spot the Expert, Pick the One Who Predicts the Job Will Take the
Longest and Cost the Most!*On Thu, 28 Nov 2019 at 08:27, Louise Christine Grant
wrote:> Dear Kirsten,
>
> AS4187:2014 says somewhere (sorry cant find specific section a the moment)
> that the acceptable range for relative humidity for a sterile store room is
> 35 to 70%, with an acceptable temperature range of 18 to 250C. There does
> not have to be condensation on the items for them to be affected by an
> increase in humidity. If the packaging gets damp then the bugs on the
> outside can wick through and contaminate the contents. So Id say with the
> humidity going that high the sterility has been compromised.
>
> It has recently happened in our sterile storeroom when the air
> conditioning stopped working in the specific room where the orthopaedic
> trays are stored. The humidity in the room was elevated and the filter
> papers on the orthopaedic trays had dampened despite the outer metal
> containers not having condensation on them. So all the orthopaedic trays
> had to be resterilised.
>
>
>
>
>
> Regards
>
>
>
> Louise Grant PhD Cand, MCl Sc(Periop)
>
> Project Consultant Reprocessing Compliance
>
> Top End Health Service | Northern Territory Government
>
> Room 221, Building 4, Royal Darwin Hospital,
>
> Rocklands Drive, Tiwi NT 0810 | PO Box 41326 Casuarina NT 0811
>
> t 08 8944 8005 | m 0404 491 183 | e *Louise.Grant@nt.gov.au
> * | http://www.health.nt.gov.au
>
>
>
> *TEHS Vision:* *Building Better Care | Better Health | Better
> Communities Together*
>
> *TEHS Values:* *T**rust and Teamwork | **E**xcellence and Equity | *
> *H**onesty and Accountability | **S**ervice and Innovation*
>
>
>
> *From:* ACIPC Infexion Connexion *On Behalf Of *Kristin
> Ryan-Agnew (Northern NSW LHD)
> *Sent:* Thursday, 28 November 2019 7:09 AM
> *To:* ACIPCLIST@ACIPC.ORG.AU
> *Subject:* [ACIPC_Infexion_Connexion] Humidity/Condensation
>
>
>
>
>
> Dear colleagues,
>
> At what level of humidity and over what time frame would it take for
> condensation to form in a sterile storeroom where temperatures have
> fluctuated between 19 and 26 degrees over a 24 hour period and humidity has
> peaked at 90%?
>
> Reason being, we have been advised that sterile stock is uncompromised at
> 26 degrees unless condensation has formed causing the trays to become damp.
>
> Thanks for your assistance.
>
> Kind regards
>
> Kristin
>
> *Kristin Ryan-Agnew*
>
> *Kristin Ryan-Agnew (MPH/Grad Cert IP&C)*
>
> *Infection Prevention & Control Clinical Nurse Consultant*
>
> *The Tweed Hospital*
>
> *Ph: 0755067406*
>
> *Mobile: 0427112213*
>
>
>
> [image: cid:image001.png@01D36E89.D6B88C30] *National Standard 3 :
> Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections*
>
>
>
> [image: Description: Description: Description: Description:
> cid:image001.png@01CC899A.70FE88C0]
>
> I acknowledge the Bundjalung people as traditional owners of the land on
> which I work and live.
>
> ‘Bulla Yana Yabur’ Standing Together As One
>
>
>
>
>
>
> This message is intended for the addressee named and may contain
> confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient, please
> delete it and notify the sender.
>
> Views expressed in this message are those of the individual sender, and
> are not necessarily the views of NSW Health or any of its entities.
>
> MESSAGES POSTED TO THIS LIST ARE SOLELY THE OPINION OF THE AUTHOR, AND DO
> NOT REPRESENT THE OPINION OF ACIPC.
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> discouraged by ACIPC. If you wish to discuss specific reference to products
> or services by brand or commercial names, please do this outside the list.
>
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> NOT REPRESENT THE OPINION OF ACIPC.
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>
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Hi Kristin,
I cannot give you a timeframe, but in relation to any RMDs you may have in
the sterile storage area as per AS4187 it is stated that environmental
controls be maintained as follows:*Temperature to be maintained within the range of 18C – 25C
*Relative humidity to be maintained within the range of 35% – 70%Any deviation from these parameters will result in the integrity and
sterility of the products being compromised. It may be fair to apply this to
other stored products and not just RMDs just in case. I wish I could be of
more help. Cheers.Kind regards,
Sean.
Sean Lansley BSc. Med.
MASM ABSANZ | Infection Control, Logistics, Water Testing and Contracts
Managersean@ecojemss.com.au | 0401 398 966
ECO JEMSS PTY LTD | ABN: 93 169 468 464
(08) 9304 4361
Ryan-Agnew (Northern NSW LHD)
Dear colleagues,
At what level of humidity and over what time frame would it take for
condensation to form in a sterile storeroom where temperatures have
fluctuated between 19 and 26 degrees over a 24 hour period and humidity has
peaked at 90%?Reason being, we have been advised that sterile stock is uncompromised at 26
degrees unless condensation has formed causing the trays to become damp.Thanks for your assistance.
Kind regards
Kristin
Kristin Ryan-Agnew
Kristin Ryan-Agnew (MPH/Grad Cert IP&C)
Infection Prevention & Control Clinical Nurse Consultant
The Tweed Hospital
National Standard 3 : Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated
InfectionsI acknowledge the Bundjalung people as traditional owners of the land on
which I work and live.‘Bulla Yana Yabur’ Standing Together As One
This message is intended for the addressee named and may contain
confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient, please
delete it and notify the sender.Views expressed in this message are those of the individual sender, and are
not necessarily the views of NSW Health or any of its entities.MESSAGES POSTED TO THIS LIST ARE SOLELY THE OPINION OF THE AUTHOR, AND DO
NOT REPRESENT THE OPINION OF ACIPC.The use of trade/product/commercial brand names through the list is
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(without the quotes) to listserv@aicalist.org.auMESSAGES POSTED TO THIS LIST ARE SOLELY THE OPINION OF THE AUTHOR, AND DO NOT REPRESENT THE OPINION OF ACIPC.
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Hi Kristin
Humid air will condense very quickly if the temperature drops. Humidity in air is not linear and warm air has a much higher ability to retain moisture. If say at 26oC, the humidity was 80-90%RH, then if the temperature dropped to 22 or less then you would see an increase of humidity to saturation/dew point and rapid condensation on colder surfaces as the air is no longer able to maintain the moisture. This is similar to dew on your windscreen on cold mornings.
The other issue is that at greater than 60%RH, sporulation can occur from environmental mould and bacteria. This can occur quite rapidly also and may compromise the RMD and stored products. Your HVAC should be able to control RH at the range explained by Sean below.
Hope this helps.
Kindest regards
Brett Cole,
B. Sc (Hons) M. Occ. Hyg. & Tox. CBP (IFBA) MABSANZ
Managing Director
[cid:image002.jpg@01D2D623.78B2D130]
Unit 15, 69 Acacia Road, Ferntree Gully Victoria Australia 3156
Please visit our website http://www.biosafety.com.au
See us at ABSANZ 2019 in Melbourne
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I cannot give you a timeframe, but in relation to any RMDs you may have in the sterile storage area as per AS4187 it is stated that environmental controls be maintained as follows:
* Temperature to be maintained within the range of 18C – 25C
* Relative humidity to be maintained within the range of 35% – 70%
Any deviation from these parameters will result in the integrity and sterility of the products being compromised. It may be fair to apply this to other stored products and not just RMDs – just in case. I wish I could be of more help. Cheers.Kind regards,
Sean.[cid:image002.png@01D4801C.7E24D650]
Sean Lansley BSc. Med.
MASM ABSANZ | Infection Control, Logistics, Water Testing and Contracts Manager
sean@ecojemss.com.au | 0401 398 966
ECO JEMSS PTY LTD | ABN: 93 169 468 464
(08) 9304 4361
https://www.ecojemss.com.auDear colleagues,
At what level of humidity and over what time frame would it take for condensation to form in a sterile storeroom where temperatures have fluctuated between 19 and 26 degrees over a 24 hour period and humidity has peaked at 90%?
Reason being, we have been advised that sterile stock is uncompromised at 26 degrees unless condensation has formed causing the trays to become damp.
Thanks for your assistance.
Kind regards
Kristin
Kristin Ryan-Agnew
Kristin Ryan-Agnew (MPH/Grad Cert IP&C)
Infection Prevention & Control Clinical Nurse Consultant
The Tweed Hospital[cid:image001.png@01D36E89.D6B88C30] National Standard 3 : Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections
[Description: Description: Description: Description: cid:image001.png@01CC899A.70FE88C0]
I acknowledge the Bundjalung people as traditional owners of the land on which I work and live.
‘Bulla Yana Yabur’ Standing Together As OneThis message is intended for the addressee named and may contain confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient, please delete it and notify the sender.
Views expressed in this message are those of the individual sender, and are not necessarily the views of NSW Health or any of its entities.
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Hi Everyone,
Thanks to the responders that have pointed out that dew point is also an important factor in ensuring that sterile packs are not compromised by the presence of moisture, that if present, allows wicking of the microbes; thanks also to the person sharing of the Canadian guidance on humidity in sterile stores, along with thanks to the person that drew attention to the iteration of the storage requirements in terms of temperature and humidity in AS/NZS4187:2014.
I also should mention that there are commercially sterilised products that have temperature and humidity exposure limits that are significantly less than the parameters mentioned in AS/NZS41897:2014. In these cases, you need to review also the storage limitations of your commercially produced sterile products as there are some that cannot withstand a humidity range in excess of 60% without compromise to the adhesives used to seal the products. Similarly, there are products that can withstand exposure to temperature and humidity parameters significantly in excess of those stated in AS/NZS4187:2014.
In other words, please review the stored products on a product by product basis in terms of the conditions that they can withstand as some may need to be discarded if temperature or humidity exceeded the maximum parameter.
Kind Regards
Terry McAuley
Director
MSc Medical Device DecontaminationPO BOX 2249, Greenvale, VIC Australia 3059
[cid:image001.png@01D5A61B.632032C0]
I endeavour to achieve a sensible work-life balance: There is no need to reply to this email from you outside of your normal working hours. Please expect the same from me.
CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION: The information contained in this message may contain confidential information intended only for the use of the individual or entity named above. If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution or duplication of this transmission is strictly prohibited. If you have received this communication in error, please notify us by telephone or email immediately and return the original message to us or destroy all printed and electronic copies. Nothing in this transmission constitutes an agreement of any kind unless otherwise expressly indicated.
Dear colleagues,
At what level of humidity and over what time frame would it take for condensation to form in a sterile storeroom where temperatures have fluctuated between 19 and 26 degrees over a 24 hour period and humidity has peaked at 90%?
Reason being, we have been advised that sterile stock is uncompromised at 26 degrees unless condensation has formed causing the trays to become damp.
Thanks for your assistance.
Kind regards
Kristin
Kristin Ryan-Agnew
Kristin Ryan-Agnew (MPH/Grad Cert IP&C)
Infection Prevention & Control Clinical Nurse Consultant
The Tweed Hospital[cid:image001.png@01D36E89.D6B88C30] National Standard 3 : Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections
[Description: Description: Description: Description: cid:image001.png@01CC899A.70FE88C0]
I acknowledge the Bundjalung people as traditional owners of the land on which I work and live.
‘Bulla Yana Yabur’ Standing Together As OneThis message is intended for the addressee named and may contain confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient, please delete it and notify the sender.
Views expressed in this message are those of the individual sender, and are not necessarily the views of NSW Health or any of its entities.
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Hello Teresa
Generally an A/C system or a heating system is designed with regard to the
maximum and minimum ambient conditions, specially if you require
ventilation in excess of the AS1668.2. This is particularly the case for
OTs and sterile stores where a positive pressure is required relative to
the surrounding areas i.e. a higher outdoor air is required for room
pressurisation.In Darwin. where I live, the ambient relative humidity level rarely drops
below 40% so we don’t have a low RH issue. Our issues are at the other end!But in southern areas the RH level is generally maintained using a steam
injector (using central steam or local electric unit) into the A/C duct.
Water atomisation units are rarely used these days because of Legionella
issues. Probably best not to inject directly into the room as this would
then be by-passing the terminal HEPA filters.I’m not sure if sterility is affected at 21% but below 40% RH, static
electricity generation may become an issue.Your 21% RH at 22degC corresponds to a very low moisture content about
3.5gm/kg of dry air with a dew point of 0degC, and to get to, say, 40% RH
(at that temp) the air requires about 6.5gm of water vapour per kg of air,
so you do need to provide humidification (add moisture).Regards
Lalith Ramachandra
LR Consulting Engineers
for Top End Health Services
PO Box 40968
Casuarina, NT
p 0401117423
e lalith.ramachandra@gmail.com* To Spot the Expert, Pick the One Who Predicts the Job Will Take the
Longest and Cost the Most!*On Tue, 3 Dec 2019 at 10:24, Teresa Lewis wrote:
> Hi All
> Further to this:
> What does one do if the relative humidity is lower than 35%?
> Our readings can go as low as 21% with a temperature of 22 degrees for
> example. Its all well and good to monitor but what action needs to be
> taken to make correction so that the relative humidity is kept between
> 35-70%?
> Thank you for your help, if anyone is able to.
> Teresa Lewis
> Newcastle Endoscopy Centre
>
> Sent from my iPhone
>
> On 28 Nov 2019, at 8:13 pm, Terry wrote:
>
>
>
> Hi Everyone,
>
>
>
> Thanks to the responders that have pointed out that dew point is also an
> important factor in ensuring that sterile packs are not compromised by the
> presence of moisture, that if present, allows wicking of the microbes;
> thanks also to the person sharing of the Canadian guidance on humidity in
> sterile stores, along with thanks to the person that drew attention to the
> iteration of the storage requirements in terms of temperature and humidity
> in AS/NZS4187:2014.
>
>
>
> I also should mention that there are commercially sterilised products that
> have temperature and humidity exposure limits that are significantly less
> than the parameters mentioned in AS/NZS41897:2014. In these cases, you need
> to review also the storage limitations of your commercially produced
> sterile products as there are some that cannot withstand a humidity range
> in excess of 60% without compromise to the adhesives used to seal the
> products. Similarly, there are products that can withstand exposure to
> temperature and humidity parameters significantly in excess of those stated
> in AS/NZS4187:2014.
>
>
>
> In other words, please review the stored products on a product by product
> basis in terms of the conditions that they can withstand as some may need
> to be discarded if temperature or humidity exceeded the maximum parameter.
>
> *Kind Regards*
>
> *Terry McAuley*
>
> *Director*
>
> *MSc Medical Device Decontamination *
>
>
>
> *PO BOX 2249, Greenvale, VIC Australia 3059*
>
> *Mobile: +61 (0)438 109 692*
>
> *Email: terry@steamconsulting.com.au *
>
> *Website: http://www.steamconsulting.com.au *
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> *I endeavour to achieve a sensible work-life balance: There is no need to
> reply to this email from you outside of your normal working hours. Please
> expect the same from me.*
>
>
>
>
>
> *CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION:* The information contained in this message
> may contain confidential information intended only for the use of the
> individual or entity named above. If the reader of this message is not the
> intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination,
> distribution or duplication of this transmission is strictly prohibited. If
> you have received this communication in error, please notify us by
> telephone or email immediately and return the original message to us or
> destroy all printed and electronic copies. Nothing in this
> transmission constitutes an agreement of any kind unless otherwise
> expressly indicated.
>
>
>
> *From:* ACIPC Infexion Connexion *On Behalf Of *Kristin
> Ryan-Agnew (Northern NSW LHD)
> *Sent:* Thursday, November 28, 2019 8:39 AM
> *To:* ACIPCLIST@ACIPC.ORG.AU
> *Subject:* [ACIPC_Infexion_Connexion] Humidity/Condensation
>
>
>
>
>
> Dear colleagues,
>
> At what level of humidity and over what time frame would it take for
> condensation to form in a sterile storeroom where temperatures have
> fluctuated between 19 and 26 degrees over a 24 hour period and humidity has
> peaked at 90%?
>
> Reason being, we have been advised that sterile stock is uncompromised at
> 26 degrees unless condensation has formed causing the trays to become damp.
>
> Thanks for your assistance.
>
> Kind regards
>
> Kristin
>
> *Kristin Ryan-Agnew*
>
> *Kristin Ryan-Agnew (MPH/Grad Cert IP&C)*
>
> *Infection Prevention & Control Clinical Nurse Consultant*
>
> *The Tweed Hospital*
>
> *Ph: 0755067406*
>
> *Mobile: 0427112213*
>
>
>
> [image: cid:image001.png@01D36E89.D6B88C30] *National Standard 3 :
> Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections*
>
>
>
> [image: Description: Description: Description: Description:
> cid:image001.png@01CC899A.70FE88C0]
>
> I acknowledge the Bundjalung people as traditional owners of the land on
> which I work and live.
>
> ‘Bulla Yana Yabur’ Standing Together As One
>
>
>
>
>
>
> This message is intended for the addressee named and may contain
> confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient, please
> delete it and notify the sender.
>
> Views expressed in this message are those of the individual sender, and
> are not necessarily the views of NSW Health or any of its entities.
>
> MESSAGES POSTED TO THIS LIST ARE SOLELY THE OPINION OF THE AUTHOR, AND DO
> NOT REPRESENT THE OPINION OF ACIPC.
>
> The use of trade/product/commercial brand names through the list is
> discouraged by ACIPC. If you wish to discuss specific reference to products
> or services by brand or commercial names, please do this outside the list.
>
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> NOT REPRESENT THE OPINION OF ACIPC.
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